When the app is shipped, electron's "fuses" are flipped, editing the electron binary itself to prevent certain features from being usable, one of which is debugging using `--inspect-brk` as above. You can flip the fuse back on Linux as follows:
A similar command will work, in theory, on mac and windows, except that this will break code signing (which is the point of fuses) so you would have to re-sign the app or somesuch.